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متن رفرنس
نکته: زمان حال کامل برای کارهایی استفاده میشود که در گذشته انجام شدهاند، اما اثر یا نتیجه آنها در زمان حال (Now) باقی است.
I have deleted the production database. (دیتابیس پروداکشن را پاک کردهام.)
نتیجه در زمان حال: سایت الان بالا نمیآید و همه چیز خراب است!
The server has crashed. (سرور کرش کرده است.)
نتیجه در زمان حال: سرور الان در دسترس نیست.
نکته ۱: دادن خبر جدید (New Information)
وقتی میخواهیم یک اتفاق جدید را خبر بدهیم، از این زمان استفاده میکنیم.
Good news! I've fixed that nasty bug. (خبر خوب! اون باگ روی اعصاب رو فیکس کردم.)
The deployment has failed. (دیپلوی کردن با خطا مواجه شد/شکست خورد.)
نکته ۲: تفاوت gone و been
gone to: رفته و هنوز همانجاست (برنگشته).
The HTTP request has gone to the external API. (درخواست به سمت API خارجی رفته است -> یعنی هنوز پردازش نشده و ریسپانسی برنگشته است.)
been to: رفته و برگشته (برای بیان تجربه).
I have been to this GitHub repository before. (من قبلاً به این ریپازیتوری گیتهاب سر زدهام -> یعنی رفتم کدهایش را دیدم و الان برگشتهام.)
این سه کلمه قیدهای بسیار پرکاربردی در زمان حال کامل هستند:
Just (همین الان / زمان بسیار کوتاهی پیش):
I have just pushed my commits to the main branch. (همین الان کامیتهایم را روی برنچ اصلی پوش کردم.)
Already (قبلاً / زودتر از زمان انتظار):
You don't need to write the unit tests, I've already written them. (نیازی نیست تستهای واحد را بنویسی، من قبلاً [زودتر از چیزی که انتظار داشتی] آنها را نوشتهام.)
Yet (هنوز - فقط در جملات منفی و سؤالی استفاده میشود):
Has the CI/CD pipeline finished yet? (آیا پایپلاین CI/CD هنوز تمام نشده است؟)
I haven't deployed the application yet. (من هنوز اپلیکیشن را دیپلوی نکردهام.)
نکته: در بسیاری از مثالهای بالا (بهخصوص همراه با just و already)، میتوانید به جای حال کامل از گذشته ساده استفاده کنید (این مورد در انگلیسی آمریکایی بسیار رایج است).
حال کامل: I've just compiled the code.
گذشته ساده: I just compiled the code. (هر دو به معنی “همین الان کد رو کامپایل کردم” هستند و کاملاً درستند).
عنوان کارت
پاسخ
7.1 Read the situations and complete the sentences using the present perfect. Choose from these verbs: break, disappear, go up, grow, improve, lose, shrink, stop.
Tom is looking for his key. He can’t find it. Tom … .
Maria’s English wasn’t very good. Now it is better. Her English … .
My bag was here, but it isn’t here any more. My bag … .
Lisa can’t walk and her leg is in plaster. Lisa … .
Last week the bus fare was £1.80. Now it is £2. The bus fare … .
Dan didn’t have a beard before. Now he has a beard. Dan … .
It was raining ten minutes ago. It isn’t raining now. It … .
I washed my sweater, and now it’s too small for me. My sweater … .
7.2 Put in been or gone.
My parents are on holiday. They’ve … to Italy.
Hello! I’ve just … to the shops. I’ve bought lots of things.
Tom has just … out. He’ll be back in about an hour.
Alice isn’t here at the moment. I don’t know where she’s … .
You’re very late. Where have you …
7.3 Complete B’s sentences. Make sentences from the words in brackets.
A: Would you like something to eat?B: No, thanks. I … (just / have / lunch)
A: Do you know where Julia is?B: Yes, I … (just / see / her)
A: What time is David leaving?B: He … (already / leave)
A: What’s in the newspaper today?B: I don’t know. I … (not / read / it / yet)
A: Is Sue coming to the cinema with us?B: No, she … (already / see / the film)
A: Are your friends here yet?B: Yes, they … (just / arrive)
A: What does Tim think about your plan?B: We … (not / tell / him / yet)
7.4 Read the situations and write sentences with just, already or yet.
After lunch you go to see a friend at her house. She says, ‘Would you like something to eat?’You say: No thank you. … (have lunch)
Joe goes out. Five minutes later, the phone rings and the caller says, ‘Can I speak to Joe?’You say: I’m afraid … (go out)
You are eating in a restaurant. The waiter thinks you have finished and starts to take your plate away.You say: Wait a minute! … (not / finish)
You plan to eat at a restaurant tonight. You phoned to reserve a table. Later your friend says, ‘Shall I phone to reserve a table?’You say: No, … (do it)
You know that a friend of yours is looking for a place to live. Perhaps she has been successful. Ask her.You say: … ? (find)
You are still thinking about where to go for your holiday. A friend asks, ‘Where are you going for your holiday?’You say: … (not / decide)
Linda went shopping, but a few minutes ago she returned. Somebody asks, ‘Is Linda still out shopping?’You say: No, … (come back)